Mesopotamos: Xylokastro
| PK | C1348 |
| TITLE | Mesopotamos: Xylokastro |
| WGS84 | 39.242757° N, 20.531373° E |
| Accuracy | Exact |
| LAT/LON | 39.242757, 20.531373 |
| LON/LAT | 20.531373, 39.242757 |
| DMS | 39° 14' 33.9252" N | , | 20° 31' 52.9428" E |
| W3W | inhaled, cubicles, peculiar |
| UTM | 34 S, 459560, 4343821 |
| EGSA87 | 200487, 4349165 |
| Elevation m | 66 |
| Elevation feet | 216.5 |
| Region | Epirus |
GENERAL SITE TYPE Settlement
TYPE
1. Artifacts. Simpson and Dickinson [1979], 300 ' ..., including objects of bronze and iron ... '2. Cem. Kleitsas [2014], 1 'Three burial mounds were excavated at the Mycenaean citadel of Ephyra ...'
3. Cem. Simpson and Dickinson [1979], 300 'This has been shown to support on its W side a burial-tumulus, which contains several burials ... '
4. hab. Simpson [1981], 175 'The outer perimeter walls enclose an area about 450 m. north-northwest to south-southeast by 100 m. (average). They are of "Cyclopean" style, with the characteristic large unworked stones and smaller stones in the interstices. There are remains of a gateway on the south side, about two metres in width.'
5. Pottery. Simpson and Dickinson [1979], 300 ' ... and a Mycenaean "krateriskos" assigned to the 13th or 12th century B.C., ... '
6. Settlement. AR[1994], 33 ' ...: in the LBA settlement focused on the acropolis of Ephyra (Xylokastro hill), ... '
7. Sherds. Hammond [1967], 313 'On the hill of Xylokastro, ..., a few sherds of Mycenaean high-footed goblets;...'
8. Wall. Simpson and Dickinson [1979], 299 ' ...; the outermost is in "Cyclopean masonry", and encloses an area ... '
9. Wall. Simpson and Hagel [2006], 105 'The outer ancient perimeter walls enclosed an area about 450 m north-northwest to south-southeast by 100 m (average).'
SITE SIZE
- Simpson [1981] p. 175, Size: 45000 sq. m. 'The outer perimeter walls enclose an area about 450 m. north-northwest to south-southeast by 100 m. (average).'
- Simpson and Dickinson [1979] p. 300, Size: 67500 sq. m. '...and encloses an area c. 450 m. N-S by 150 m. (maximum).'
- Simpson [2018] p. 105, Size: 45000 sq. m. 'The outer ancient perimeter walls enclosed an area about 450 m north-northwest to south-southeast by 100 m (average).'
PERIOD (High Chronology)
1. Bronze Age: (3200 BC - 1050 BC)
a. Simpson [1981]: 175, 'BA LH(IIIB-C)? PG? C H'
b. Simpson and Dickinson [1979]: 299, 'BA LH (IIIB-C?) C H'
2. Late Helladic: (1700 BC - 1050 BC)
a. Hammond [1967]: 314, '...a few sherds of Mycenaean high-footed goblets; ...'
b. Simpson and Hagel [2006]: 105, 'The range of these (presumably imported) Mycenaean sherds was apparently LH IIIA to LH IIIC (early).'
3. Late Bronze Age: (1570 BC - 1200 BC)
a. AR[1994]: 33, ' ...: in the LBA settlement focused on the acropolis of Ephyra (Xylokastro hill), ... '
4. LH IIIA: (1410 BC - 1315 BC)
a. Kleitsas [2014]: 1, 'Tumulus C (Late Helladic IIIA-C period) ...'
b. Simpson and Hagel [2006]: 105, 'From this he (A. Papadopoulos, RHC) deduced ... that the gate was probably to be dated within the LH IIIA to LH IIIC periods ... '
5. LH IIIB: (1320 BC - 1190 BC)
a. Kleitsas [2014]: 1, 'Tumulus C (Late Helladic IIIA-C period) ...'
b. Simpson and Dickinson [1979]: 299, 'BA LH (IIIB-C?) C H'
c. Simpson and Hagel [2006]: 105, 'From this he (A. Papadopoulos, RHC) deduced ... that the gate was probably to be dated within the LH IIIA to LH IIIC periods ... '
6. LH IIIC: (1190 BC - 1060 BC)
a. Simpson [1981]: 175, 'BA LH(IIIB-C)? PG? C H'
b. Simpson [1981]: 175, 'BA LH(IIIB-C)? PG? C H'
c. Kleitsas [2014]: 1, 'Burial tumulus A (Late Helladic IIIC period) contained removed human bones,...'
d. Simpson and Dickinson [1979]: 299, 'BA LH (IIIB-C?) C H'
e. Simpson and Hagel [2006]: 105, 'From this he (A. Papadopoulos, RHC) deduced ... that the gate was probably to be dated within the LH IIIA to LH IIIC periods ... '
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. AR[1994]: Archaeological Reports, The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies. (41) 1994., 'Acheron River Valley; The Ephyra/Nekromanteion ridge.', pg. 33.
Online here.
2. Hammond [1967]: Hammond, N.G.L.. Epirus; The geography, the ancient remains, the history and the topography of Epirus and adjacent areas. . Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1967., '', pg. 313.
3. Kleitsas [2014]: Kleitsas, Christos. ‘The Bronze Age in Epirus (Part 3); The Late Bronze Age: The Burial Customs’, archaeology & arts, Oct. 20, 2014., 'The Bronze Age in Epirus', pg. 1.
Online here.
4. Simpson and Hagel [2006]: Simpson, R. Hope and D.K. Hagel. Mycenaean Fortifications, Highways, Dams and Canals. SIMA vol. 133. Paul Åströms Förlag. Sävedalen, Sweden. 2006., 'Mesopotamos: Xylokastro (Ancient Ephyra)', pg. 104.
5. Simpson [1981]: Simpson, Richard Hope. Mycenaean Greece. Park Ridge, New Jersey: Noyes Press, 1981., 'K 1 (= L 2) Mesopotamos: Xylokastro', pg. 175.
This is the site of ancient Ephyra.
Online here.
6. Simpson and Dickinson [1979]: Simpson, Richard Hope and O.T.P.K. Dickinson. A Gazetteer of Aegean Civilization in the Bronze Age, Vol. I: The Mainland and the Islands. Paul Åströms Förlag, Goteborg. 1979., 'K 1 Mesopotamos: Xylokastro', pg. 299.
Online here.